North Bengal necessitates the imperative implementation of integrated Rhino monitoring practices.

 

The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (GOH), a majestic megaherbivore also known as the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, 1758), stands at a critical juncture in its conservation journey. As of June 2022, the global wild population of GOH is 4023, with a significant 81.3% (3271) finding refuge in the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of India.

In West Bengal, which holds the second-largest population of GOH in India and contributes 9% to the global population. These population are concentrated in two key North Bengal National Parks: Jaldapara National Park  and Garumora National Park.

The historical record of the rhinoceros’ population in this region represents a complex narrative. Initially, traditional conservation efforts led to a significant resurgence in the rhino population. However, despite the positive shift from a minimal population to a handful of rhinos in two protected areas, the rhino population may attain stagnation due to factors such as a skewed sex ratio and declining habitat quality, particularly in grasslands and water bodies. Additionally, there is an ongoing issue of stray rhino populations outside the protected areas, underscoring the need for additional rhino ranging areas beyond these two parks. As a result, uncertainty surrounds whether traditional conservation methods alone can address these challenges. Relying on periodic census or direct count methods conducted at 3–5-year intervals highlights a notable gap in understanding the comprehensive demographics of this threatened species in the wild.

In 2018, the adoption of the National Conservation Strategy for the Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros (NCSIR) marked a significant shift towards a more holistic approach. NCSIR emphasises strengthening protection, expanding distribution, research and monitoring, transboundary engagement, and enhanced enforcement. The establishment of a new population in Manas National Park under the Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV2020) programme in Assam showcases the effectiveness of intensive monitoring during the initial reintroduction period. Similar to African rhino range countries, the IUCN Asian Rhino Specialist Group advocates for integrated monitoring mechanisms for the GOH to gather essential information for improved management of wild rhinos (Flow Chart-I).

Comprehensive data collected through integrated monitoring programs provides crucial estimates for managing rhino populations, including population size, age and sex structures, calving rates, mortality rates, and home range distribution. However, success hinges on maintaining a balance between data quality and available resources, requiring skilled frontline staff and robust data quality control systems.

In conclusion, the implementation of comprehensive and unified monitoring strategies is imperative for the long-term survival and well-being of the GOH meta-population. This integrated approach transcends boundaries and ensures a sustainable future for these iconic creatures.